Helicobacter gastritis (acute and chronic): symptoms, treatment, diet

More about pathology

Helicobacter are gram-negative bacteria with a spiral shape. Their size is 3 microns. The multiplication of the microorganism does not require a lot of air, which makes the human digestive organs a good environment for their life. Bacteria are capable of secreting urease. This is a crystalline substance that inhibits the action of gastric enzymes, which over time provokes the development of inflammation.

Helicobacter also secretes mucinase, which affects the protein produced in the stomach, causing the mucus to become more liquid, which helps the proliferation of pathological cells in the stomach and the formation of inflammation. Additionally, Helicobacter pylori is capable of producing cytotoxins, which can destroy organ walls at the cellular level; if the substance is not produced, a person faces a disease such as chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis.

The harmful microorganism, with the help of enzymes, creates an ammonia compound, which blocks the stomach acid secreted by the digestive organ. Then, as a result of the activity of the bacterium, the mucous layer of the stomach is destroyed. Thus, the microorganism creates optimal conditions for reproduction.

Once in the epithelium of the lower stomach, helicobacter pylory takes hold there. The microorganism can only attach to the cells of the mucous layer, so it quickly spreads over the entire internal surface of the digestive organ. Epithelial cells are destroyed and lose their functions.

An inflammatory process occurs in the mucous membrane, which rapidly progresses in its development. As a result of the effect of ammonia on the endocrine system of the stomach, the secretion of hydrochloric acid increases. Helicobacter pylori secretes toxic substances that destroy the epithelium and lead to the formation of erosions. Since inflammation increases the release of acid, gastritis of the hyperacid type occurs, i.e., with increased acidity.

If toxins are not produced by Helicobacter pylori, erosive formations do not appear. Then, the disease occurs in a chronic form, without transition to erosive-ulcerative disease. In the initial stage, bacteria capture only the lower (antral) section of the digestive organ. If the inflammation does not have time to spread throughout the entire membrane, the function of the secretory gland remains unchanged.

If bacteria like Helicobacter pylori enter the body, there is a high probability of Helicobacter gastritis. For the most part, the pathology occurs in a chronic manner and is characterized by mild clinical symptoms.

The presence of a pathogen does not always cause health problems. Many patients do not even make any complaints. According to statistics, Helicobacter pylori inflammation of the stomach occurs in every second inhabitant of the Earth. Experts associate the impact of bacteria on the body with the occurrence of malignant neoplasms.

The treatment regimen for gastritis with Helicobacter is practically no different from the treatment of other forms of the disease. The basis of treatment is antibacterial drugs, the action of which is aimed at destroying the pathogen. The disease responds well to treatment and has a good prognosis.

ICD 10 code

The International Classification of Diseases or ICD 10 is a normative document that combines international methods and materials about all diseases. The Russian Federation has been using this system since 1999. Helicobacter also has its own code in this system, which tends to change depending on the disturbances caused by this bacterium. The International Classification of Diseases assigned Helicobacter code number B98.

Treatment regimens for gastritis with high and low acidity

Gastritis occurs with low and high acidity. Depending on the type of disease, treatment regimens vary.

Gastritis in a patient

With increased stomach acidity

For gastritis, chronic gastritis with increased secretion of acid by the stomach, antacid, adsorbent and enveloping agents are used. The most famous is sodium bicarbonate. The treatment regimen for gastritis with high acidity includes calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide and basic bismuth nitrate, which has an astringent property. The listed medications are used together in the form of antacid suspensions. For erosive gastritis, cytoprotective drugs are used that increase the stability of the gastric mucosa. For example, sucralfate and de-nol.

For low stomach acidity

For diseases with reduced stomach acid production, on the contrary, medications are used that increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid. Treatment with folk remedies is actively used, using plantain juice and herbal bitters.

What is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped microorganism whose colonies are localized in the antrum of the stomach. The organs of the digestive system are a good habitat for infection, since it does not require much air to multiply. The bacterium can cause the development of diseases such as atrophic gastritis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer, and lymphoma.

WHO classified Helicobacter pylori as a Group 1 carcinogen.

The bacterium is the main cause of cancer of the noncardiac stomach. Penetrating into the stomach, the bacterium begins to produce a special substance whose properties are similar to ammonia. It neutralizes hydrochloric acid, reduces acidity and creates favorable conditions for the active reproduction of pathogenic microflora.

Helicobacter pylori makes gastric juice liquid and unable to perform its protective function. Bacteria infect the epithelium, reducing its functional ability. Pathogenic microorganisms multiply quickly and colonize the stomach.

The infection provokes the production of a cytotoxin, which forms erosions and ulcers. The development of the disease is directly related to the state of the immune system. Many people are only carriers of the infection, but do not get sick themselves.

Forms of gastric damage

There are several forms of damage to h. bacteria:

latent - a person is a carrier of a pathological microorganism, but there are no external signs of the disease, so its presence can be diagnosed only by examining the mucous membranes;
acute gastritis - the symptoms of the disease are hard to miss;
chronic gastroduodenitis - inflammatory processes develop not only in the stomach, but also in the duodenum, which is externally manifested by swelling, erosion and pronounced inflammation;
chronic atrophic gastritis - pathological processes begin to develop in the antrum, spreading to the entire stomach;
peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum - the disease develops due to the chronic form of Helicobacter gastritis.

Gastritis associated with Helicobacter Pylori: what is it?

HP-associated gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is a disease caused by the presence and activity of the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori in the stomach

HP-associated gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is a disease caused by the presence and activity of the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori in the stomach. According to statistics, about 50% of the total population of the Earth is infected with this microorganism, and in some regions this figure reaches 80-90%.

In addition to the fact that inflammation of the gastric mucosa causes many unpleasant symptoms, it disrupts the digestive processes and absorption of nutrients. But the greatest danger is hp-associated gastritis with this bacterium, from the point of view of forecasts: according to various estimates, peptic ulcer of the stomach and/or duodenum develops in 15-24% of patients, and not much less often inflammation leads to atrophic processes in gastric mucosa - one of the predisposing factors for cancer.

Therefore, gastritis caused by Helicobacter Pylori requires timely and professional treatment - this will restore health and quality of life, and also protect against possible complications.

At the First Family Clinic of St. Petersburg, highly qualified specialists, modern diagnostic facilities and individual therapy programs are waiting for you, which together makes the treatment of gastritis the most comfortable and effective process.

More about the forms of pathology

The chronic form develops in several stages. First, atrophic changes are localized in a small area of the organ, then thinning of the entire inner wall of the stomach occurs. Progression of the process is fraught with the occurrence of peptic ulcer disease.

Erosive

The disease is characterized by destruction of the gastric mucosa. In the early stages, defects may be minor and localized on the outer lining of the stomach. As symptoms spread, clinical symptoms become more pronounced.

Erosive gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori manifests itself in the form of the following symptoms: heaviness after eating, an attack of nausea, heartburn, vomiting, diarrhea with blood, dull pain in the epigastrium.

Endoscopic examination is of important diagnostic value. The doctor may also prescribe an X-ray examination, a general blood test, and stool tests for occult blood. The basis of treatment is eliminating the bacteria. Tetracycline, Levofloxacin, Clarithromycin are used as antibacterial agents.

The second stage of the treatment process is the normalization of stomach acidity. For this purpose, antacid drugs are prescribed. Along with this, enzymatic preparations are often used. And the final stage is the restoration of the gastric mucosa.

Atrophic

Atrophic inflammation of the stomach is considered a precancerous condition. Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic cell damage and weakens the local protective properties of the gastric mucosa. This allows toxic substances and free radicals to easily penetrate tissues and damage cells.

Early treatment of the disease is hampered by the fact that the initial stages of the pathological process do not manifest themselves at all. Impaired absorption of vitamins and iron provokes the appearance of anemic syndrome. Bacterial damage causes dyspeptic disorders - disruption of digestive processes.

The main task of gastroenterologists is to prevent cancer transformation. With timely treatment, significant improvement in the condition of the epithelium can be expected in about five years. To neutralize the infectious process, anti-Helicobacter antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and bismuth preparations are prescribed.

Surface

It is characterized by inflammation of exclusively the superficial layer of the stomach. The superficial form is considered the mildest form of the disease. The disease causes impaired motor function. Drug treatment is complemented by diet and traditional treatment.

Symptoms of erosive gastritis

The stomach can hurt both on an empty stomach and after eating - it all depends on the specifics of the inflammation.
The main manifestation of erosive gastritis is pain in the upper abdomen, as people say, “in the pit of the stomach” (in medicine this area is called epigastric). Whether this pain appears on an empty stomach or occurs after eating depends on which part of the stomach is more affected.

with erosive damage to the body of the stomach (the main part), pain appears 40–50 minutes after eating;
if the area of the exit from the stomach (antrum) is affected, pain appears on an empty stomach, these are the so-called hunger pains;
if, in addition to the antrum, the entrance area (cardiac region) is also affected, the pain becomes two-wave: the first wave appears some time after eating, the second - on an empty stomach;
with diffuse damage to the organ, the pain is most often pressing and appears after eating.

In addition to pain, patients complain of symptoms of dyspepsia - “indigestion”:

nausea,
heartburn,
belching air or sour,
feeling of fullness, heaviness in the epigastrium;
unstable chair.

If erosive gastritis occurs without complications, these symptoms are usually limited. If the erosion bleeds regularly, but not too intensely, signs of anemia may appear - pallor, weakness, brittle nails and hair, low hemoglobin in blood tests. With intense bleeding, the stool becomes black, and vomiting in the form of “coffee grounds” is possible.

Development mechanism

Helicobacter gastritis occurs due to infection. You can become infected through a kiss, food, medical instruments, and household items. Children are most often infected.

The formation of the pathological process takes place in several main stages:

pathogenic microflora penetrates the pyloric section of the stomach, which contains a high urea content. The bacterium converts urea into ammonia, creating an alkaline environment around itself;
Helicobacter pylori is fixed to epithelial cells due to the fact that it produces mucinase, a substance that makes gastric juice more liquid;
after damage to epithelial cells, active proliferation of infectious agents occurs. This leads to activation of the inflammatory response;
an increase in gastrin secretion leads to the formation of gastritis with high acidity;
further damage leads to the formation of defects - ulcers and erosions.

Causes

The disease is infectious in nature. It is considered an extremely common disease on earth; according to scientists, 60% of people suffering from helicobacteriosis have been identified. It has long been believed that no microbe or bacteria is able to adapt and survive in the stomach due to gastric juice and hydrochloric acid.

If a person had gastritis or an ulcer, this was not associated with the presence of microorganisms living in the gastric mucosa. Nerves and eating fatty, spicy, pickled foods were considered to be the causes. They blamed alcohol and tobacco products. When the above is consumed in large quantities, acidity increases, “enraged” gastric juice corrodes the gastric mucosa, gastritis and ulcers occur.

Thanks to the now outdated theory, companies that produced drugs to reduce acidity became significantly richer. The level of acidity decreased in patients all over the world, but the number of infected people grew, and the disease became younger every year. The reason was hidden in the stomach. While scientists were understanding and coming up with theories of diseases, Helicobacter lived quietly and multiplied in stomachs, causing harm.

Infecting a healthy person from a sick person is simple. Often the culprit is a household contact method: using dishes, hygiene items of a sick person, dirty toilet door handles. When kissing, it is quite possible to become infected with helicobacteriosis. During a kiss, saliva and microbes present in saliva are exchanged. Helicobacter is no exception; the microbe lives in plaque on teeth and in saliva. It is easy to contract Helicobacter pylori, for example, during an endoscopy examination if the device is poorly processed.

The planet's population is dense and intensive, making it difficult to protect yourself from Helicobacter and infection. People are at risk of infection and helicobacteriosis is defined as a “family disease.”

Once infected, it takes a sufficiently long time for the bacteria to significantly disrupt the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. If antibiotic therapy is not carried out, the bacteria remains in the stomach throughout life. There are ways of infection through direct contact with a carrier of infection or a sick person or indirectly:

with saliva (kisses);
with contaminated food;
with cutlery;
with a bottle;
with a medical instrument that has undergone insufficient sterilization treatment.

Typical symptoms

The clinical manifestation of Helicobacter pylori gastritis does not differ from other types of pathology:

severe pain in the epigastrium, especially after a meal;
the stomach hurts when food does not enter it for a long time;
burning in the esophagus;
belching with a sour or bitter taste;
constipation alternates with diarrhea;
a dense white coating (plaque) forms on the tongue;
when an infectious infection expands localization, spreads to the entire organ, the desire to eat disappears;
nausea;
constantly thirsty;
after a small amount of food, heaviness appears in the organ;
flatulence;
metallic taste in the mouth;
rash on the body;
stomach growls;
unpleasant odor from the mouth.

Helicobacter pylori infection causes aching pain over a long period of time. Often the diagnosis is made against the background of existing gastritis of unknown etiology and when the bacterium was detected in close relatives.

The symptoms of gastritis caused by the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori are similar to other diseases of the digestive organs. At the initial stage, signs may hardly appear, which makes diagnosis very difficult. The intensity of symptoms depends on the stage of the disease and severity. In the acute course of Helicobacter pylori disease, the pain is bright and severe; in the chronic stage, it becomes dull.

During periods of exacerbation of chronic gastritis with helicobacter pylori, symptoms such as fever, dizziness, and convulsions may be observed. The patient's weight loss is often observed.

Erosive gastritis nr associated gastritis

The disease can occur in acute or chronic form.
Considering the factors that cause associated diseases in the chronic stage, primary and secondary types of associated diseases are distinguished. Diseases of the digestive tract disrupt the normal functioning of the body. The gastrointestinal tract is of great importance to the body, and inflammation can lead to complications if timely treatment is not started. It is extremely important to consult a doctor in time to carry out the necessary treatment complex. One of the most common diseases is associated gastroduodenitis, which is a type of gastroenteritis. Frequent diagnosis of associated gastroduodenitis is associated with constant contact of the duodenum and stomach. When an illness occurs, the patient's duodenal mucosa becomes inflamed.

The disease can occur in acute or chronic form. Taking into account the factors that cause associated diseases in the chronic stage, primary and secondary types of associated diseases are distinguished. The appearance of the primary type is characteristic of impaired digestion, which occurs due to an incorrect diet. The secondary type may appear as a consequence of other diseases, for example, gastritis, pancreatitis, etc.

There are several classifications of HP associated gastroduodenitis. In the presence of a certain level of acidity, types such as normal gastroduodenitis, an associated disease with a decreased or increased level of secretory function, are distinguished.

The appearance of gastroduodenitis is associated with the proliferation of the bacterium helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter is the cause of the disease in 80% of cases.

In advanced stages, it is impossible to determine the presence of Helicobacter, because the digestive environment becomes unsuitable for its existence. A properly formulated diet, an active lifestyle, and giving up bad habits are the main points necessary to maintain health and prevent the occurrence of inflammatory processes in the digestive tract. If unpleasant signs appear with associated gastroduodenitis, you should immediately consult a doctor to avoid complications.

Inflammatory processes at the initial stage can be characterized by such signs as:

the appearance of heartburn, belching with a sour smell;
increased appetite;
pain in the area under the stomach that appears 2 hours after eating;
Constipation may occur.

In advanced stages, it is impossible to determine the presence of Helicobacter, because the digestive environment becomes unsuitable for its existence.
The initial stage is most often characterized by an increased level of acidity. But in the last stages of the disease, the patient experiences atrophy of the gastric mucosa. This manifests itself in the development of symptoms such as:

loss of appetite;
a feeling of heaviness in the stomach area resulting from undigested food;
dull pain in the gastric area;
reduced barrier function of hydrochloric acid leads to diarrhea;
the appearance of a metallic taste;
the manifestation of belching, which may have the smell of consumed food, and sometimes has a rotten character;
sudden weight loss;
Cracks may appear in the corners of the mouth, which are called jams;
the appearance of nausea.

If Helicobacter has spread to the duodenum, the patient begins to experience the following symptoms:

a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, which may be accompanied by belching of bile;
the appearance of nausea and vomiting;
pain in the area of the right hypochondrium.

When should you look for Helicobacter pylori?

There are a number of indications for which it is recommended to be examined for the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. It is recommended to undergo a diagnostic test for the following symptoms:

the presence of dyspeptic symptoms (pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, nausea, flatulence, abnormal stool, etc.);
daily bad breath;
chronic inflammation of the stomach; chronic inflammation of the duodenum;
peptic ulcer of the stomach and/or duodenum;
malignant formation of the stomach (adenocarcinoma or MALT lymphoma);
recurrent caries;
gastroesophageal reflux;
taking proton pump blockers (omeprazole, pantoprozole, lansoprozole, etc.) for more than 10 days;
detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in family members;
burdened hereditary history (cases of gastric or duodenal ulcer, stomach cancer in close relatives);
deterioration in the appearance of the skin (acne and allergic reactions);
control of cure after anti-Helicobacter therapy.

Gastritis

Iron deficiency

8079 March 24

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment.
In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor. Gastritis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment methods.

Gastritis is inflammatory and/or dystrophic changes in the gastric mucosa of various origins.

The stomach is a hollow muscular organ that is part of the digestive system.

It is located between the esophagus and the duodenum, from which it is separated by circular muscles - sphincters, which ensure isolation of its contents. The stomach consists of several sections: cardiac (inlet), fundus (upper dome), body (central part), antrum and pyloric (outlet).

The gastric wall has four layers: mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous. The stomach performs several functions. It deposits (preserves) food for the time necessary for its primary processing; contraction and relaxation of its muscles (motility) provide mechanical processing of food. Cells of the gastric mucosa produce hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes for the chemical processing of food, and participate in enhancing hematopoietic function through the production of a specific substance - internal Castle factor. The acid barrier of the stomach prevents the penetration of microorganisms into the underlying sections of the gastrointestinal tract, which manifests the protective function of this organ.

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa - gastritis - is a very common condition that occurs at any age. According to research, gastritis occurs in approximately half of the working population.

Causes of occurrence
Gastritis occurs due to an imbalance between processes that provide protection or cause damage to the gastric mucosa.

Acute
inflammation
is caused by short-term exposure to strong irritating factors.
These can be chemicals (for example, drugs, acids, alkalis), mechanical or thermal irritants (swallowed sharp objects, excessively hot/cold food or liquid), pathogens of foodborne toxic infections (salmonella, staphylococcus, etc.).
Severe stress, massive skin burns, myocardial infarction, etc. can provoke the formation of erosions (superficial defects of the mucous membrane) and stomach ulcers.

Chronic gastritis

is a disease that is characterized by a long process of changes in the structure of the gastric mucosa, up to the replacement of the mucous epithelium with scar tissue, as a result of which the function of the stomach is impaired.

Causes of chronic inflammation:

– the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which infects the middle and lower parts of the stomach, despite high acidity;

According to data from various regions of our country, H. pylori infection is found in 65–92% of adults, and therefore the issues of its diagnosis and treatment are extremely relevant. The high incidence of chronic Helicobacter gastritis causes a high incidence of other diseases associated with this bacterium (peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, stomach cancer). – autoimmune pathologies, in which the immune system perceives the cells of the gastric mucosa as foreign and destroys them, which reduces the production of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes; – long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs leads to a weakening of the synthesis of prostaglandins and a decrease in mucus production, which leads to damage to the gastric mucosa by hydrochloric acid; – reflux (duodeno-gastric) – backflow of duodenal contents into the stomach due to failure of the duodenal sphincter, which leads to inflammation and disruption of the gastric mucosa.

Risk factors for the development of chronic gastritis are bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol), dietary errors (non-compliance with diet, an abundance of fried, spicy foods), hereditary predisposition, metabolic disorders, hormonal abnormalities, stress, etc. Classification of
the disease
Depending on Depending on the nature of the damage, the following types of acute gastritis are distinguished:

– catarrhal (simple) gastritis

characterized by inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa, most often occurring with poor nutrition;
– fibrinous gastritis
develops in severe infectious diseases;
– corrosive gastritis
occurs when concentrated alkalis, acids and other toxic substances enter the stomach;
– phlegmonous gastritis
develops when bacteria and protozoa enter directly into the wall of the stomach, with traumatic injuries, as a complication of an ulcer or with stomach cancer.

Types of chronic gastritis:

– superficial non-atrophic gastritis

occurs due to colonization of the gastric mucosa by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (type B gastritis);
– atrophic gastritis
, which can be
autoimmune
(type A gastritis) and
multifocal
(type A and B gastritis).

Special forms of chronic gastritis: medicinal

(while taking medications),
reactive reflux gastritis
(type C gastritis),
radiation
(occurs as a result of radiation therapy),
eosinophilic
(can develop in people with food and drug allergies).

Based on the source of inflammation, antral gastritis, gastritis of the body of the stomach or all parts of the stomach are distinguished - pangastritis.

Chronic gastritis can occur with a change in the production of hydrochloric acid towards an increase (hypersecretory) or decrease (hyposecretory), but in some cases the level of hydrochloric acid remains normal.

Chronic gastritis can be in remission or exacerbation.

Symptoms

Acute gastritis sharply disrupts the functioning of the stomach and is manifested by a complex of symptoms: pain in the epigastric region (upper central part of the abdomen between the ribs), vomiting (may be mixed with blood), belching, heartburn, and deterioration in general well-being.

With the infectious genesis of acute gastritis, a rise in body temperature and the occurrence of diarrhea are possible - signs of the spread of infection.

In case of poisoning with chemicals, severe pain occurs in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and there may be vomiting of blood and drooling. Due to damage and swelling of the upper respiratory tract, breathing becomes difficult.

Ingestion of foreign bodies may remain asymptomatic, especially if the object passed through the esophagus without damaging it. The only manifestation may be increased salivation. If a foreign body remains in the stomach, there may be direct damage to the gastric wall with the development of bleeding or, over time, a pressure sore of the stomach wall with the formation of a hole, which is a life-threatening condition.

Chronic gastritis develops gradually and is characterized by a slow increase in symptoms of dyspepsia - signs of impaired digestive function.

These include: a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region during or immediately after eating, belching, heartburn, stool disorders, intolerance to certain foods, medications. There may be pain on an empty stomach, nausea, vomiting (including blood or bile), and changes in appetite. The listed symptoms occur in various combinations in certain forms of chronic gastritis.

It should be remembered that changes in the condition of the gastric mucosa may not be clinically apparent.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of gastritis is based on collecting anamnesis, identifying the clinical picture, and a thorough examination of the patient.

To clarify the nature of damage to the mucous membrane, study the function of the stomach, and search for the causes of inflammation, the following laboratory and instrumental studies are used:

– reference methods for diagnosing H. Pylori infection, as the most common cause of chronic gastritis, are a breath test with 13C-labeled urea and a test for the presence of H. pylori antigen in stool;

What are the complications?

If chronic Helicobacter gastritis is not treated, serious consequences arise, such as:

Stomach ulcer. It is characterized by the appearance of ulcerations on the gastric mucosa, which subsequently provokes internal bleeding.
Duodenitis. With this disease, the inflammatory process penetrates the duodenum and leads to severe digestive disorders.
Lymphoma formation. The cause of tumor formation is the accumulation of lymphocytes due to the destructive effect on organ walls caused by Helicobacter.
Stomach cancer. A malignant neoplasm arises from damaged areas of the epithelium and is dangerous due to the spread of metastases to surrounding vital organs.

Diagnostics

Diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection is quite simple. After collecting an anamnesis, visual examination and palpation of the abdominal cavity, the doctor can assume the presence of gastritis and send the patient to undergo diagnostic procedures, which will help determine the type of disease and determine adequate therapy. If the disease has responded to therapeutic procedures, finding Helicobacter pylori is much more difficult.

To identify the presence of helicobacter pylory in the body, the patient's blood is taken for analysis, and histology can also be performed. Histology studies fragments of epithelium taken from a patient. An x-ray may also be prescribed to examine the patient’s internal organs and rule out a tumor.

The main examination for gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori is gastroscopy. During this procedure, a special probe is inserted into the patient's stomach, with which the doctor can make a visual examination of the digestive organ. At the same time, a picture of the disease is drawn up, with the severity and size of the inflammation determined.

Scheme of instrumental diagnosis of Helicobacter gastritis:

breath test;
X-ray examination;
analysis of secretory function;
biopsy;
fibrogastroscopy;
histological analysis of tissues;
serological study.

Laboratory tests for HP infection:

enzyme immunoassay blood test;
analysis of stool for the presence of antigen.

It is extremely important to screen people at risk for the presence of an infectious agent. Knowing that gastritis with Helicobacter pylori can become malignant encourages you to take time for examination.

To identify the pathogen, a blood test is prescribed for the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori infection. Stool testing can also reveal the genetic material of the pathogen. A breath test can detect urease, an enzyme secreted by bacteria. But still the most informative is fibrogastroscopy.

Indications for testing for Helicobacter pylori are the following symptoms:

strange pain, flatulence, grumbling, heartburn, heaviness, diarrhea or constipation;
rapid intoxication from small doses of alcohol. The fact is that bacteria disrupt the process of food processing and the action of enzymes that process alcohol;
feeling unwell after eating fatty, fried, spicy foods;
attacks of nausea and vomiting.

Blood analysis

The bacterium itself cannot be detected in the blood, because it does not get there. The habitat of Helicobacter pylori is the stomach and intestines. The presence of antibodies and immunoglobulins can be determined in the blood. Venous blood is suitable for testing.

It is worth considering the fact that antibodies to Helicobacter pylori are formed in about a month, so the absence of their blood cannot guarantee that there is no bacteria in the body. Also, after suffering an illness, antibodies can remain in the blood for a long time, especially for older people.

False positive and false negative results are possible. The PCR method involves not just detecting antibodies, but the genetic code of the microorganism itself. The research is extremely accurate!

Stool analysis

Examination of stool if Helicobacter pylori is suspected is a good way to diagnose young children and the elderly. Feces are an unfavorable habitat for bacteria, but pathogenic microflora have learned to adapt to such conditions. Feces are examined using the PCR method discussed above.

Breath test

It is carried out to determine carbon dioxide. The bacterium produces urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. First, the patient breathes into a tube, after which he is given a solution with urea to drink. After this, several more breath samples are taken.

Biopsy

The material for research is taken directly during the biopsy. The procedure allows you to determine the location of the bacterium and the extent of damage to the mucous membrane. A piece of tissue is plucked from the wall of the stomach. The study also helps to identify the presence of cysts, polyps and cancer.

When you need to assess the severity of Helicobacter pylori gastritis, you will need to take a biopsy from at least two areas of the antrum of the stomach and the same number of samples from the body of the organ. If there are appropriate suspicions and precancerous changes are determined, an additional biopsy from the corner of the stomach will be required.

Diagnosis after treatment

The main criteria for assessing therapy for Helicobacter pylori gastritis are the condition of the gastric mucosa and eradication (complete destruction) of Helicobacter pylori. The morphological state of the mucosa can be assessed during repeated fibrogastroduodenoscopy (for erosive and ulcerative lesions). To obtain reliable results on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, you must adhere to the following rules:

Diagnosis of eradication is carried out no earlier than 1 month after anti-Helicobacter therapy or the use of any antibiotics and antisecretory agents.
To monitor cure, it is advisable to use two of the methods listed above.
To monitor eradication, a breath test or detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool is recommended.

Treatment

Treatment of gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori occurs according to a specific regimen that includes antibiotics. The scheme consists of several steps, since several functions of the body are involved in the inflammatory process. The treatment process, in addition to medication, includes special nutrition. Diet is a necessary part of treatment that cannot be ignored.

Medicines

There are several drug therapy regimens. First of all, they are aimed at relieving the symptoms of the disease and eliminating helicobacter pylori. Usually the patient is prescribed:

antibiotics that belong to macrolides (destroy h. bacteria), for example, Amoxicillin tablets;
drugs that inhibit the secretion of hydrochloric acid;
antimicrobial agents (“Metronidazole”);
bismuth preparations (“De-nol”, “Vicair”);
proton pump inhibitors (inhibit the secretion of gastric juice), for example, Omeprazole tablets.

The treatment regimen with antibiotics and auxiliary drugs involves their use for 1-2 weeks. If the drugs do not help and the patient’s health does not improve, others are prescribed that have similar properties or the dosage of the drugs already used is changed. Such manipulations should be performed exclusively by a doctor.

Self-prescribing and taking antibiotics to kill Helicobacter pylori is strictly prohibited.

Incorrect use of widely used antibacterial agents has already led to a sharp increase in Helicobacter pylori resistance to these drugs. Recent studies confirm the increase in bacterial resistance in all regions where research was conducted.

For some patients, eradication may not be indicated at all. This category includes children under the age of 8 years, since they have not yet developed immunity. The recommendation also applies to adult patients if severe pain does not occur in the presence of the bacterium.

Eradication (a treatment regimen with the goal of completely destroying Helicobakter pylori) is clearly indicated for patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers. A number of specialists add atrophic gastritis to the list of diseases, as well as in order to reduce the risk of stomach cancer. According to statistics, up to 90% of cases of such oncopathology are associated with Helicobacter pylori.

The eradication regimen is chosen depending on the patient’s individual intolerance to certain drugs and the sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori strains to them.

The treatment regimen for Helicobacter pylori gastritis includes eradication of the bacterium and symptomatic therapy. To destroy Helicobacter pylori infection, three- and four-component schemes are used. First-line treatment is a three-component regimen. It includes:

Clarithromycin;
Amoxicillin or Metronidazole;
Omeprazole (pantoprozole).
The four-room scheme consists of:
Tetracycline;
Metronidazole;
bismuth preparation (De-Nol);
Omeprazole (pantoprozole).

Symptomatic therapy consists of prescribing:

antispasmodics (No-Shpa, Duspatalin) - to reduce or eliminate pain;
antacids (Almagel, Maalox) - to protect epithelial cells of the mucosa;
gastric juice preparations - with reduced production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach;
multivitamins and iron supplements if they are deficient.

Diet

The role of diet in the treatment process of gastrointestinal disorders is enormous. Since food directly enters the stomach, which is affected by inflammation, nutrition should be selected so that the products do not irritate the mucous layer, but help restore it. A diet for gastritis involves eating soft and light foods that are quickly digested by the stomach.

The patient is prohibited from eating spicy, salty, fatty foods, as well as spices and marinades. These components act aggressively on the walls of the stomach and can cause an exacerbation of the disease. It is recommended to eat soups, cereals, and pureed dishes. Coarse products are excluded, the rest must be ground or passed through a meat grinder.

Vegetables can only be consumed boiled and pureed; meat and low-fat fish are served in the form of a soufflé. Fermented milk products, pates, and soft cheese are allowed. Recommended drinks include jelly, fruit drinks, and compotes.

The diet involves eating several times a day, in small portions, to make it easier for the stomach to digest food. In addition, food should be at a warm temperature so as not to irritate the mucous membranes.

The patient should eat at least 6 times a day. It is necessary to limit the amount of salt in the diet. The diet requires drinking plenty of fluids (at least 2500 ml per day). Food should not be cold or hot. The menu should be selected individually for each patient.

Allowed dishes:

weak meat broth;
jelly;
slimy porridge on water;
vegetable puree;
stale bread, etc.

In case of low acidity of the stomach, the diet is based on table No. 2, the main components of which are lean meat and fish, cooked in the oven or boiled, vegetables and fruits.

Peculiarities:

Avoid fatty dairy products, whole milk and all products that cause fermentation (fresh baked goods), fried and breaded foods.
Regularly, but in moderation, you should consume butter and vegetable oils in your dishes.
Spinach and sorrel, white cabbage and radishes, raisins and prunes are completely excluded from the diet.
You can drink non-acidic fruit juices, weak tea and coffee with milk.
Fried and boiled eggs are excluded and replaced with steamed omelettes.

If a person has high acidity, you can only drink milk with low fat content. You should also avoid: pearl barley, wheat and barley porridge; cucumbers, onions, garlic, sorrel and white cabbage; hard-boiled eggs; berries and fruits. If you have a duodenal ulcer, your diet should be even stricter. Everything is accepted only in ground form; bread, pastry and vegetable dishes are completely excluded.

The daily diet of a person with Helicobacter gastritis may look like this:

in the morning 1-2 boiled eggs with bread and a glass of jelly or compote;
boiled veal with buckwheat or wheat porridge, bread, tea with honey;
okroshka or boiled fish, mashed or boiled potatoes, fresh or dried fruit compote; yogurt and sandwich;
fruit jelly, dried apricots, compote or jelly;
boiled meat with stewed cabbage, bread, fruit salad, low-fat milk.

If gastritis is not complicated by additional diseases, the diet will not cause discomfort.

The list of permitted products is extensive enough to come up with new dishes and make the diet varied. In most cases, following a diet with the use of drugs can reduce or completely eliminate symptoms after just a few days.

All dishes should be simple (consisting of one, maximum two ingredients) that will be easily and quickly digested.

During periods of exacerbations and severe pain, dishes are consumed in pureed form, soups are crushed using a blender and taken in the form of purees. During the treatment course and after its completion, the diet should not create additional stress on the digestive system.

Traditional medicine recipes

Healers are sure that h. Gastritis can be cured using folk remedies. Grandmother's recipes cannot be used as the only therapy for this type of pathology, since it is impossible to get rid of HP bacteria without antibacterial medications. Before using this method as an auxiliary one, you should consult a doctor.

There are many recipes using a variety of herbs and botanicals. The most popular method of folk therapy is the use of honey and propolis or flaxseed.

Honey with propolis. These products are derived from the activities of bees. They are considered a safe and effective remedy for almost all existing diseases, including h. gastritis. There is a positive trend in the use of these substances in conjunction with basic drug therapy. It is noticed that patients become healthy faster. This is explained by the fact that honey and propolis are active immunostimulants. Their use helps the immune system quickly cope with pathology.
Flax-seed. An infusion of flaxseed is a good herbal analogue of inhibitors, since the product envelops the stomach, thereby protecting it from the effects of bacteria. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The drug relieves the symptoms of the disease, including pain. It should be remembered that patients who suffer from cholecystitis are prohibited from using flax seeds.
Carrot juice. Helps in the treatment of chronic gastritis, you need to drink it for 3 weeks on an empty stomach.
Potato juice. 1/3 glass is drunk an hour before meals three times a day.
Oatmeal jelly. Envelops the walls of the stomach and alleviates pain.
Plantain leaf. If the acidity level is low, you need to eat a green leaf once a day.
Aloe. If you suffer from constipation due to chronic gastritis, it is recommended to take the plant 2 teaspoons three times a day before meals. This type of treatment lasts a month.
Apples.
Warm dissolved honey. Take no more than 200 g per day.
Golden mustache. Chop a large leaf, pour 700 ml of boiling water and cook for 15 minutes. Take no more than 10 days.
Elecampane root. You will need 30 g of raw materials and 0.75 liters of vodka. Use the tincture after 2 weeks, when the root has infused. Drink before meals, 25-30 drops dissolved in water.

Basic treatment regimens

Various treatment methods are used to treat Helicobacter pylori gastritis. In this article we will look at the main ones. But a definitive treatment regimen for diseases associated with Helicobacter without the use of antibiotics has not yet been found. Therapy without antibiotics is used if there is no inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Antimicrobial therapy lines

First-line treatment regimens for gastritis consist of 3 components. These are two antibiotic drugs (often amoxiclav) and medications from the group of proton pump inhibitors, which reduce the production of gastric juice. The drugs are replaced with a bismuth preparation, which has a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and cauterizing effect.

There are 2 known options for using drugs. The first treatment regimen for gastritis with Helicobacter: use the blocker (inhibitor) omeprazole, to which are added the drugs metronidazole, amoxiclav and clarithromycin. The second method is based on bismuth preparations: de-nol or a substitute. De-nol is necessarily used in the treatment regimen for erosive gastritis. The antibiotics metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin and furazolidone are added. Instead of amoxicillin, it is possible to use amoxiclav.

Second-line treatment regimens for gastritis are called quadrotherapy; the technique consists of 4 drugs. These are 2 antibiotics, including amoxiclav, antisecretory drugs, a group of proton pump inhibitors and bismuth medications. Among the inhibitors used are omez and pariet. The described treatment option is offered to patients whose therapy according to the first regimen was ineffective. The drug Pilobact has earned a good reputation. This drug has antiulcer and antimicrobial effects. The composition already includes antibiotics - omeprazole, clarithromycin and tinidazole. When purchasing these medications, remember that the package contains instructions for use.

In the antibiotic therapy described, in addition to amoxiclav, the drug levofloxacin is actively used. It belongs to the newest group of antibiotics. The drug is quite toxic. It will not be used in the treatment of patients under eighteen years of age, preventing a negative impact on the formation of the body. The antibiotic is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women with epilepsy. Many doctors have noticed that Helicobacter pylori adapts perfectly to the medicine, reducing the effectiveness of the drug.

In general, the choice of antibiotic drugs for gastritis is small. Their main principle of action is that when drugs break down in the body, toxic substances are released that destroy the genetic material of bacteria. Bismuth preparations, for example, de-nol, were used for gastritis even before scientists discovered Helicobacter. This medicine envelops the stomach, creating a protective film on its mucous membrane.

Propolis

Propolis is used as an effective method in the treatment of Helicobacter. Alcohol solutions of propolis and other bee products were used in the treatment of gastritis and ulcers even before the discovery of Helicobacter. Patients who consumed honey and propolis derivatives recovered much faster. After numerous studies, doctors have found that therapy with antibiotic drugs is completely replaceable with treatment with propolis tincture.

Flax seeds

People have long used flax seeds for acute and chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. They have an enveloping, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antisecretory effect. Should be used exclusively in combination with bee products; flax seeds do not have a bactericidal effect. The seeds are considered choleretic; the collection should not be used in the treatment of gastritis in patients suffering from diseases of the biliary tract.

Auxiliary treatments for gastritis

In addition to the main methods of therapy, antibiotics are used to relieve symptoms of the disease and improve the general condition of the patient. It is important to get rid of heartburn, nausea, vomiting symptoms, reduce the body’s sensitivity to pain and normalize the functioning of the stomach. Antidiarrheal, antiemetic, and carminative medications are used. Drugs that speed up the work of the stomach and intestines, for example, motilak and ganaton. Antiallergic drugs and psychopharmacological drugs are used. In addition to these medications, hormonal medications, blockers of certain receptors and hepatoprotectors are used.

When treating gastritis, it is possible to manage only with the described “gentle” drugs, if there are no pathologies associated with Helicobacter pylori. For example, ulcers, iron deficiency anemia, atopic dermatitis. The use of adjuvant therapies helps strengthen the patient's immune system.

Chronic nr associated positive gastritis

If a patient is given such a diagnosis as a result of a diagnostic test, this can only mean that the Helicobacter pylori form of gastritis, which is caused by non-compliance with hygienic rules by the microorganism Helicobacter pylori, has entered a chronic stage, the most difficult to completely cure, and is subject to seasonal exacerbations.

Why is such a diagnosis dangerous, and why is bacterial gastritis often called positive? This name comes from the accumulation of colonies of a pathological microorganism on the epithelium of an infected organ. In the case when it is moderate, the disease is called associated positive Helicobacter gastritis.

Chronic Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis - forecasts and prospects

Hypothetically, the presence of a disease such as Helicobacter pylori gastritis in a patient during its natural course can develop according to 2 scenarios:

Its long-term chronic form will lead to the fact that the acid-forming function of the digestive organ will significantly decrease (in the most severe cases it can completely stop), and this will require, in addition to the main treatment, the use of replacement therapy;
In the second case, a violation of cellular renewal will be observed in the mucous membrane. Accordingly, target cells will appear that are strongly influenced by carcinogens, and over time, cellular mutations will begin to occur. As a result, normal gastric epithelial tissue will be replaced by neoplastic or metaplastic tissue.

The result of both forecasts for the development of Helicobacter pylori gastritis threatens the development of oncology or ulcers of the digestive organ.

Based on the foregoing, it is worth remembering that the treatment of this disease is very complex and quite lengthy. And the results may not always be predictable. There is also a high likelihood of relapses.

Therefore, all symptoms and signs that may correspond to HP gastritis should be treated very carefully, and not delay visiting a doctor for any manifestation of digestive discomfort.

Treatment of Helicobacter gastritis, which occurs when Helicobacter bacteria enter the body, is carried out according to the rules for the treatment of ordinary gastritis. The acute form of the disease rarely develops. This type of gastritis is often characterized by gradual development and chronic course. With successful treatment of gastritis, Helicobacter bacteria are completely destroyed in the stomach.

Alarming symptoms of associated Helicobacter gastritis

Helicobacter pylori - gastritis, which occurs from the harmful effects of this microorganism, has 3 stages of development, each of which is accompanied by certain symptoms.

Initial, having increased or (which is quite rare) normal acidity. It is characterized by the following general symptoms:

Epigastric pain that occurs 2 hours after eating;
Frequent belching with a sour taste, turning into heartburn;
Stool disorders (tendency to constipation).

Appetite is generally not affected, only occasionally an increase is noted. With the advanced stage of Helicobacter gastritis, the signs are the same, only their manifestation becomes more acute.

Helicobacter pylori - gastritis, which occurs from the harmful effects of this microorganism, has 3 stages of development, each of which is accompanied by certain symptoms

But the last, chronic, stage of this Helicobacter-associated gastritis will already be characterized by signs of atrophy, manifested in the mucous membrane of the digestive organ. Among them, the most common symptoms are:

Indigestion (heaviness in the stomach after eating even a small amount of food);
Lack of appetite;
The presence of diarrhea due to the fact that the barrier function of hydrochloric acid is impaired;
Rotten-tasting belching and metallic taste in the mouth;
Significant reduction in body weight.

Prevention

If you want to avoid the development of the disease, do not forget about simple rules of personal hygiene:

wash your hands thoroughly with soap after walking, visiting the restroom and before eating;
Everyone should have their own cutlery;
do not drink from one bottle;
use only your own toothbrush;
contact trusted specialized institutions, where instruments are thoroughly disinfected and sterilized.

Sources: https://tvoyzheludok.ru/gastrit/vidi/lechenie-helikobakternogo-gastrita.html gastrolekar.ru/gastrit/helikobakternyij.html https://vrbiz.ru/bolezni/helikobakternyy-gastrit https://gastrotract.ru /bolezn/gastrit/helikobakternyj-gastrit.html https://medicalok.ru/zheludok/gastrit/chto-takoe-helikobakternyj-i-shema-lecheniya.html https://gastromedic.ru/gastrit/helicobacternyj-gastrit.html https://gastrit-i-yazva.ru/gastrit/poverhnostnyj-helikobakternyj-gastrit/ https://ogkt.ru/gastro/helikobakternyj-gastrit-chto-eto-vozmozhnost-zarazheniya-i-lechenie.html zhkt.ru /zheludok/gastrit/lechenie-xelikobakternogo.html https://etozheludok.ru/vospalenie/tipy/helikobakternyy-gastrit.html This material is exclusively subjective and is not a guide to action. Only a qualified specialist can determine an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Last modified: 03/20/2020